Following the First Intermediate Period was the Middle Kingdom Period, spanning from the 11th to part of the 13th Dynasties (some historians consider even the 14th Dynasty part of the Middle Kingdom). During this time, the dominant religion of Egypt was the cult of Osiris.
| 2040 BC |  Nebhepetre Mentuhotep II wins the civil war, reunites Egypt, makes Thebes the capital of all Egypt, establishes the 11th dynasty and builds the mortuary complex of Deir el Bahri |
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| 2010 BC | Mentuhotep II dies and is succeeded by Mentuhotep III, who was already quite old after his father’s 51-year reign. Despite this, Mentuhotep III was able to explore to Punt and innovate new architecture. |
| 2000 BC |  The first obelisks are erected at Heliopolis (Cairo), the site of the cult of Ra/Atum |
| 1991 BC |  Amenemhet I rises to power (beginning the 12th Dynasty), probably by overthrowing Mentuhotep IV. He relocates the capital from Thebes to Itjtawy, south of Memphis. He has a pyramid built there and constructs the Wall of the Ruler in the Sinai region |
| 1975 BC | Amenemhet builds the pyramid of Hawara with its labyrinth |
| 1962 BC | Senusret I succeeds Amenemhet. During his reign he continues his father’s aggressive expansion policies |
| 1900 BC |  Ceremonies honoring Osiris and his mysteries are held in Abydos, recounting the passing and resurrection of the deity |
| 1844 BC |  Amenemhet III comes to reign. His rule is considered the golden age of the Middle Kingdom Period. He constructs the Labyrinth at Harawa |
| 1797 BC | Amenemhet III passes away and 12th Dynasty starts declining |
| 1800 BC |  The Kahun Gynecological Papyrus deals with women’s health and contraception |
| 1720 BC | Egypt starts to fracture politically. Many local dynasties are establishing, one of which is a West-Semitic speaking Syro-Canaanite dynasty in the delta area which would eventually conquer southward, thanks to the unstable political situation. They eventually become the Hyksos (15th) Dynasty that rules Ancient Egypt. |
| 1700 BC | The Kingdom of Kush is established south of Egypt |
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